vulkan-tutorial/src/app/data.rs

756 lines
27 KiB
Rust

use super::functions::*;
use super::*;
use crate::VALIDATION_ENABLED;
use ::anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
use ::log::*;
use ::std::collections::HashSet;
use ::std::ffi::CStr;
use ::std::os::raw::c_void;
use ::std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping as memcpy;
use ::vulkanalia::prelude::v1_0::*;
use ::vulkanalia::vk::ExtDebugUtilsExtension;
use ::vulkanalia::window as vk_window;
use ::winit::window::Window;
extern "system" fn debug_callback(
severity: vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT,
type_: vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT,
data: *const vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT,
_: *mut c_void,
) -> vk::Bool32 {
let data = unsafe { *data };
let message = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(data.message) }.to_string_lossy();
if severity >= vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::ERROR {
error!("({:?}) {}", type_, message);
} else if severity >= vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::WARNING {
warn!("({:?}) {}", type_, message);
} else if severity >= vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::INFO {
debug!("({:?}) {}", type_, message);
} else {
trace!("({:?}) {}", type_, message);
}
vk::FALSE
}
/// The Vulkan handles and associated properties used by our Vulkan app.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
pub(super) struct AppData {
// Debug
pub(super) messenger: vk::DebugUtilsMessengerEXT,
// Surface
pub(super) surface: vk::SurfaceKHR,
// Physical Device / Logical Device
pub(super) physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
pub(super) graphics_queue: vk::Queue,
pub(super) present_queue: vk::Queue,
// Swapchain
pub(super) swapchain_format: vk::Format,
pub(super) swapchain_extent: vk::Extent2D,
pub(super) swapchain: vk::SwapchainKHR,
pub(super) swapchain_images: Vec<vk::Image>,
pub(super) swapchain_image_views: Vec<vk::ImageView>,
// Pipeline
pub(super) render_pass: vk::RenderPass,
pub(super) pipeline_layout: vk::PipelineLayout,
pub(super) pipeline: vk::Pipeline,
// Framebuffers
pub(super) framebuffers: Vec<vk::Framebuffer>,
// Command Pool
pub(super) command_pool: vk::CommandPool,
// Buffers
pub(super) vertex_buffer: vk::Buffer,
pub(super) vertex_buffer_memory: vk::DeviceMemory,
// Command Buffers
pub(super) command_buffers: Vec<vk::CommandBuffer>,
// Sync Objects
pub(super) image_available_semaphores: Vec<vk::Semaphore>,
pub(super) render_finished_semaphores: Vec<vk::Semaphore>,
pub(super) in_flight_fences: Vec<vk::Fence>,
pub(super) images_in_flight: Vec<vk::Fence>,
}
impl AppData {
pub(super) unsafe fn create_instance(
&mut self,
window: &Window,
entry: &Entry,
) -> Result<Instance> {
// Application Info
let application_info = vk::ApplicationInfo::builder()
.application_name(b"Vulkan Tutorial\0")
.application_version(vk::make_version(1, 0, 0))
.engine_name(b"No Engine\0")
.engine_version(vk::make_version(1, 0, 0))
.api_version(vk::make_version(1, 0, 0));
// Layers
let available_layers = entry
.enumerate_instance_layer_properties()?
.iter()
.map(|l| l.layer_name)
.collect::<HashSet<_>>();
if VALIDATION_ENABLED && !available_layers.contains(&VALIDATION_LAYER) {
return Err(anyhow!("Validation layer requested but not supported."));
}
let layers = if VALIDATION_ENABLED {
vec![VALIDATION_LAYER.as_ptr()]
} else {
Vec::new()
};
// Extensions
let mut extensions = vk_window::get_required_instance_extensions(window)
.iter()
.map(|e| e.as_ptr())
.collect::<Vec<_>>();
if VALIDATION_ENABLED {
extensions.push(vk::EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION.name.as_ptr());
}
// Compatibility extension for macOS
let flags = if (cfg!(target_os = "macos") && entry.version()? >= PORTABILITY_MACOS_VERSION)
|| entry
.enumerate_instance_extension_properties(None)?
.iter()
.any(|e| e.extension_name == vk::KHR_PORTABILITY_ENUMERATION_EXTENSION.name)
{
info!("Enabling extensions for macOS compatibility.");
extensions.push(vk::KHR_PORTABILITY_ENUMERATION_EXTENSION.name.as_ptr());
extensions.push(
vk::KHR_GET_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROPERTIES2_EXTENSION
.name
.as_ptr(),
);
vk::InstanceCreateFlags::ENUMERATE_PORTABILITY_KHR
} else {
vk::InstanceCreateFlags::empty()
};
// Create
let mut info = vk::InstanceCreateInfo::builder()
.application_info(&application_info)
.enabled_layer_names(&layers)
.enabled_extension_names(&extensions)
.flags(flags);
let mut debug_info = vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT::builder()
.message_severity(vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::all())
.message_type(vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT::all())
.user_callback(Some(debug_callback));
if VALIDATION_ENABLED {
info = info.push_next(&mut debug_info);
}
let instance = entry.create_instance(&info, None)?;
// Messenger
if VALIDATION_ENABLED {
self.messenger = instance.create_debug_utils_messenger_ext(&debug_info, None)?;
}
Ok(instance)
}
//================================================
// Physical Device
//================================================
pub(super) unsafe fn pick_physical_device(&mut self, instance: &Instance) -> Result<()> {
for physical_device in instance.enumerate_physical_devices()? {
let properties = instance.get_physical_device_properties(physical_device);
if let Err(error) = self.check_physical_device(instance, physical_device) {
warn!(
"Skipping physical device (`{}`): {}",
properties.device_name, error
);
} else {
info!("Selected physical device (`{}`).", properties.device_name);
self.physical_device = physical_device;
return Ok(());
}
}
Err(anyhow!("Failed to find suitable physical device."))
}
unsafe fn check_physical_device(
&self,
instance: &Instance,
physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
) -> Result<()> {
QueueFamilyIndices::get(instance, self, physical_device)?;
check_physical_device_extensions(instance, physical_device)?;
let support = SwapchainSupport::get(instance, self, physical_device)?;
if support.formats.is_empty() || support.present_modes.is_empty() {
return Err(anyhow!(SuitabilityError("Insufficient swapchain support.")));
}
Ok(())
}
//================================================
// Logical Device
//================================================
pub(super) unsafe fn create_logical_device(&mut self, instance: &Instance) -> Result<Device> {
// Queue Create Infos
let indices = QueueFamilyIndices::get(instance, self, self.physical_device)?;
let mut unique_indices = HashSet::new();
unique_indices.insert(indices.graphics);
unique_indices.insert(indices.present);
let queue_priorities = &[1.0];
let queue_infos = unique_indices
.iter()
.map(|i| {
vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo::builder()
.queue_family_index(*i)
.queue_priorities(queue_priorities)
})
.collect::<Vec<_>>();
// Layers
let layers = if VALIDATION_ENABLED {
vec![VALIDATION_LAYER.as_ptr()]
} else {
vec![]
};
// Extensions
let mut extensions = DEVICE_EXTENSIONS
.iter()
.map(|n| n.as_ptr())
.collect::<Vec<_>>();
// mac OS Metal -> Vulkan rendering fix
if instance
.enumerate_device_extension_properties(self.physical_device, None)?
.iter()
.any(|e| e.extension_name == vk::KHR_PORTABILITY_SUBSET_EXTENSION.name)
{
extensions.push(vk::KHR_PORTABILITY_SUBSET_EXTENSION.name.as_ptr());
}
// Features
let features = vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures::builder();
// Create
let info = vk::DeviceCreateInfo::builder()
.queue_create_infos(&queue_infos)
.enabled_layer_names(&layers)
.enabled_extension_names(&extensions)
.enabled_features(&features);
let device = instance.create_device(self.physical_device, &info, None)?;
// Queues
self.graphics_queue = device.get_device_queue(indices.graphics, 0);
self.present_queue = device.get_device_queue(indices.present, 0);
Ok(device)
}
//================================================
// Swapchain
//================================================
pub(super) unsafe fn create_swapchain(
&mut self,
window: &Window,
instance: &Instance,
device: &Device,
) -> Result<()> {
let indices = QueueFamilyIndices::get(instance, self, self.physical_device)?;
let support = SwapchainSupport::get(instance, self, self.physical_device)?;
let surface_format = get_swapchain_surface_format(&support.formats);
let present_mode = get_swapchain_present_mode(&support.present_modes);
let extent = get_swapchain_extent(window, support.capabilities);
let mut image_count = support.capabilities.min_image_count + 1;
if support.capabilities.max_image_count != 0
&& image_count > support.capabilities.max_image_count
{
image_count = support.capabilities.max_image_count;
}
let mut queue_family_indices = vec![];
let image_sharing_mode = if indices.graphics != indices.present {
queue_family_indices.push(indices.graphics);
queue_family_indices.push(indices.present);
vk::SharingMode::CONCURRENT
} else {
vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE
};
let info = vk::SwapchainCreateInfoKHR::builder()
.surface(self.surface)
.min_image_count(image_count)
.image_format(surface_format.format)
.image_color_space(surface_format.color_space)
.image_extent(extent)
.image_array_layers(1)
.image_usage(vk::ImageUsageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT)
.image_sharing_mode(image_sharing_mode)
.queue_family_indices(&queue_family_indices)
.pre_transform(support.capabilities.current_transform)
.composite_alpha(vk::CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR::OPAQUE)
.present_mode(present_mode)
.clipped(true)
.old_swapchain(vk::SwapchainKHR::null());
self.swapchain = device.create_swapchain_khr(&info, None)?;
self.swapchain_images = device.get_swapchain_images_khr(self.swapchain)?;
self.swapchain_format = surface_format.format;
self.swapchain_extent = extent;
Ok(())
}
pub(super) unsafe fn create_swapchain_image_views(&mut self, device: &Device) -> Result<()> {
self.swapchain_image_views = self
.swapchain_images
.iter()
.map(|i| {
let components = vk::ComponentMapping::builder()
.r(vk::ComponentSwizzle::IDENTITY)
.g(vk::ComponentSwizzle::IDENTITY)
.b(vk::ComponentSwizzle::IDENTITY)
.a(vk::ComponentSwizzle::IDENTITY);
let subresource_range = vk::ImageSubresourceRange::builder()
.aspect_mask(vk::ImageAspectFlags::COLOR)
.base_mip_level(0)
.level_count(1)
.base_array_layer(0)
.layer_count(1);
let info = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo::builder()
.image(*i)
.view_type(vk::ImageViewType::_2D)
.format(self.swapchain_format)
.components(components)
.subresource_range(subresource_range);
device.create_image_view(&info, None)
})
.collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
Ok(())
}
//================================================
// Pipeline
//================================================
pub(super) unsafe fn create_render_pass(
&mut self,
_instance: &Instance,
device: &Device,
) -> Result<()> {
let color_attachment = vk::AttachmentDescription::builder()
.format(self.swapchain_format)
.samples(vk::SampleCountFlags::_1)
.load_op(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::CLEAR)
.store_op(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::STORE)
.stencil_load_op(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::DONT_CARE)
.stencil_store_op(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::DONT_CARE)
.initial_layout(vk::ImageLayout::UNDEFINED)
.final_layout(vk::ImageLayout::PRESENT_SRC_KHR);
// Subpasses
let color_attachment_ref = vk::AttachmentReference::builder()
.attachment(0)
.layout(vk::ImageLayout::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL);
let color_attachments = &[color_attachment_ref];
let subpass = vk::SubpassDescription::builder()
.pipeline_bind_point(vk::PipelineBindPoint::GRAPHICS)
.color_attachments(color_attachments);
let dependency = vk::SubpassDependency::builder()
.src_subpass(vk::SUBPASS_EXTERNAL)
.dst_subpass(0)
.src_stage_mask(vk::PipelineStageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT)
.src_access_mask(vk::AccessFlags::empty())
.dst_stage_mask(vk::PipelineStageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT)
.dst_access_mask(vk::AccessFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE);
let attachments = &[color_attachment];
let subpasses = &[subpass];
let dependencies = &[dependency];
let info = vk::RenderPassCreateInfo::builder()
.attachments(attachments)
.subpasses(subpasses)
.dependencies(dependencies);
self.render_pass = device.create_render_pass(&info, None)?;
Ok(())
}
pub(super) unsafe fn create_pipeline(&mut self, device: &Device) -> Result<()> {
let vert = include_bytes!("../../shaders/vert.spv");
let frag = include_bytes!("../../shaders/frag.spv");
let vert_shader_module = create_shader_module(device, &vert[..])?;
let frag_shader_module = create_shader_module(device, &frag[..])?;
let vert_stage = vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo::builder()
.stage(vk::ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX)
.module(vert_shader_module)
.name(b"main\0");
let frag_stage = vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo::builder()
.stage(vk::ShaderStageFlags::FRAGMENT)
.module(frag_shader_module)
.name(b"main\0");
let binding_descriptions = &[Vertex::binding_description()];
let attribute_descriptions = Vertex::attribute_descriptions();
let vertex_input_state = vk::PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo::builder()
.vertex_binding_descriptions(binding_descriptions)
.vertex_attribute_descriptions(&attribute_descriptions);
let input_assembly_state = vk::PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo::builder()
.topology(vk::PrimitiveTopology::TRIANGLE_LIST)
.primitive_restart_enable(false);
let viewport = vk::Viewport::builder()
.x(0.0)
.y(0.0)
.width(self.swapchain_extent.width as f32)
.height(self.swapchain_extent.height as f32)
.min_depth(0.0)
.max_depth(1.0);
let scissor = vk::Rect2D::builder()
.offset(vk::Offset2D { x: 0, y: 0 })
.extent(self.swapchain_extent);
let viewports = &[viewport];
let scissors = &[scissor];
let viewport_state = vk::PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo::builder()
.viewports(viewports)
.scissors(scissors);
let rasterization_state = vk::PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo::builder()
.depth_clamp_enable(false)
.rasterizer_discard_enable(false)
.polygon_mode(vk::PolygonMode::FILL)
.line_width(1.0)
.cull_mode(vk::CullModeFlags::BACK)
.front_face(vk::FrontFace::CLOCKWISE)
.depth_bias_enable(false);
let multisample_state = vk::PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo::builder()
.sample_shading_enable(false)
.rasterization_samples(vk::SampleCountFlags::_1);
let attachment = vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState::builder()
.color_write_mask(vk::ColorComponentFlags::all())
.blend_enable(false)
.src_color_blend_factor(vk::BlendFactor::ONE)
.dst_color_blend_factor(vk::BlendFactor::ZERO)
.color_blend_op(vk::BlendOp::ADD)
.src_alpha_blend_factor(vk::BlendFactor::ONE)
.dst_alpha_blend_factor(vk::BlendFactor::ZERO)
.alpha_blend_op(vk::BlendOp::ADD);
let attachments = &[attachment];
let color_blend_state = vk::PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo::builder()
.logic_op_enable(false)
.logic_op(vk::LogicOp::COPY)
.attachments(attachments)
.blend_constants([0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]);
let layout_info = vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo::builder();
self.pipeline_layout = device.create_pipeline_layout(&layout_info, None)?;
let stages = &[vert_stage, frag_stage];
let info = vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo::builder()
.stages(stages)
.vertex_input_state(&vertex_input_state)
.input_assembly_state(&input_assembly_state)
.viewport_state(&viewport_state)
.rasterization_state(&rasterization_state)
.multisample_state(&multisample_state)
.color_blend_state(&color_blend_state)
.layout(self.pipeline_layout)
.render_pass(self.render_pass)
.subpass(0);
self.pipeline = device
.create_graphics_pipelines(vk::PipelineCache::null(), &[info], None)?
.0;
// Cleanup
device.destroy_shader_module(vert_shader_module, None);
device.destroy_shader_module(frag_shader_module, None);
Ok(())
}
pub(super) unsafe fn create_framebuffers(&mut self, device: &Device) -> Result<()> {
self.framebuffers = self
.swapchain_image_views
.iter()
.map(|i| {
let attachments = &[*i];
let create_info = vk::FramebufferCreateInfo::builder()
.render_pass(self.render_pass)
.attachments(attachments)
.width(self.swapchain_extent.width)
.height(self.swapchain_extent.height)
.layers(1);
device.create_framebuffer(&create_info, None)
})
.collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
Ok(())
}
//================================================
// Command Pool
//================================================
pub(super) unsafe fn create_command_pool(
&mut self,
instance: &Instance,
device: &Device,
) -> Result<()> {
let indices = QueueFamilyIndices::get(instance, self, self.physical_device)?;
let info = vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo::builder()
.flags(vk::CommandPoolCreateFlags::empty())
.queue_family_index(indices.graphics);
self.command_pool = device.create_command_pool(&info, None)?;
Ok(())
}
//================================================
// Buffers
//================================================
unsafe fn create_buffer(
&self,
instance: &Instance,
device: &Device,
size: vk::DeviceSize,
usage: vk::BufferUsageFlags,
properties: vk::MemoryPropertyFlags,
) -> Result<(vk::Buffer, vk::DeviceMemory)> {
let buffer_info = vk::BufferCreateInfo::builder()
.size(size)
.usage(usage)
.sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE);
let buffer = device.create_buffer(&buffer_info, None)?;
let requirements = device.get_buffer_memory_requirements(buffer);
let memory_info = vk::MemoryAllocateInfo::builder()
.allocation_size(requirements.size)
.memory_type_index(self.get_memory_type_index(instance, properties, requirements)?);
let buffer_memory = device.allocate_memory(&memory_info, None)?;
device.bind_buffer_memory(buffer, buffer_memory, 0)?;
Ok((buffer, buffer_memory))
}
unsafe fn copy_buffer(
&self,
device: &Device,
source: vk::Buffer,
destination: vk::Buffer,
size: vk::DeviceSize,
) -> Result<()> {
// Create the command buffer
let info = vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo::builder()
.level(vk::CommandBufferLevel::PRIMARY)
.command_pool(self.command_pool)
.command_buffer_count(1);
let command_buffer = device.allocate_command_buffers(&info)?[0];
let info = vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo::builder()
.flags(vk::CommandBufferUsageFlags::ONE_TIME_SUBMIT);
device.begin_command_buffer(command_buffer, &info)?;
let regions = vk::BufferCopy::builder().size(size);
device.cmd_copy_buffer(command_buffer, source, destination, &[regions]);
device.end_command_buffer(command_buffer)?;
// Execute command buffer
let command_buffers = &[command_buffer];
let info = vk::SubmitInfo::builder().command_buffers(command_buffers);
device.queue_submit(self.graphics_queue, &[info], vk::Fence::null())?;
device.queue_wait_idle(self.graphics_queue)?;
device.free_command_buffers(self.command_pool, &[command_buffer]);
Ok(())
}
pub(super) unsafe fn create_vertex_buffer(
&mut self,
instance: &Instance,
device: &Device,
) -> Result<()> {
// Create staging buffer
let size = (size_of::<Vertex>() * VERTICES.len()) as u64;
let (staging_buffer, staging_buffer_memory) = self.create_buffer(
instance,
device,
size,
vk::BufferUsageFlags::TRANSFER_SRC,
vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_COHERENT | vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_VISIBLE,
)?;
let memory =
device.map_memory(staging_buffer_memory, 0, size, vk::MemoryMapFlags::empty())?;
memcpy(VERTICES.as_ptr(), memory.cast(), VERTICES.len());
device.unmap_memory(staging_buffer_memory);
// Create vertex buffer
let (vertex_buffer, vertex_buffer_memory) = self.create_buffer(
instance,
device,
size,
vk::BufferUsageFlags::TRANSFER_DST | vk::BufferUsageFlags::VERTEX_BUFFER,
vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::DEVICE_LOCAL,
)?;
self.vertex_buffer = vertex_buffer;
self.vertex_buffer_memory = vertex_buffer_memory;
// Copy to the vertex buffer
self.copy_buffer(device, staging_buffer, vertex_buffer, size)?;
// cleanup
device.destroy_buffer(staging_buffer, None);
device.free_memory(staging_buffer_memory, None);
Ok(())
}
//================================================
// Command Buffers
//================================================
pub(super) unsafe fn create_command_buffers(&mut self, device: &Device) -> Result<()> {
// Create the buffers
let allocate_info = vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo::builder()
.command_pool(self.command_pool)
.level(vk::CommandBufferLevel::PRIMARY)
.command_buffer_count(self.framebuffers.len() as u32);
self.command_buffers = device.allocate_command_buffers(&allocate_info)?;
// Add commands
for (i, command_buffer) in self.command_buffers.iter().enumerate() {
let inheritance = vk::CommandBufferInheritanceInfo::builder();
let info = vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo::builder()
.flags(vk::CommandBufferUsageFlags::empty())
.inheritance_info(&inheritance);
device.begin_command_buffer(*command_buffer, &info)?;
let render_area = vk::Rect2D::builder()
.offset(vk::Offset2D::default())
.extent(self.swapchain_extent);
let color_clear_value = vk::ClearValue {
color: vk::ClearColorValue {
float32: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0],
},
};
let clear_values = &[color_clear_value];
let info = vk::RenderPassBeginInfo::builder()
.render_pass(self.render_pass)
.framebuffer(self.framebuffers[i])
.render_area(render_area)
.clear_values(clear_values);
device.cmd_begin_render_pass(*command_buffer, &info, vk::SubpassContents::INLINE);
device.cmd_bind_pipeline(
*command_buffer,
vk::PipelineBindPoint::GRAPHICS,
self.pipeline,
);
device.cmd_bind_vertex_buffers(*command_buffer, 0, &[self.vertex_buffer], &[0]);
device.cmd_draw(*command_buffer, 3, 1, 0, 0);
device.cmd_end_render_pass(*command_buffer);
device.end_command_buffer(*command_buffer)?;
}
Ok(())
}
//================================================
// Sync Objects
//================================================
pub(super) unsafe fn create_sync_objects(&mut self, device: &Device) -> Result<()> {
let semaphore_info = vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo::builder();
let fence_info = vk::FenceCreateInfo::builder().flags(vk::FenceCreateFlags::SIGNALED);
for _ in 0..MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT {
self.image_available_semaphores
.push(device.create_semaphore(&semaphore_info, None)?);
self.render_finished_semaphores
.push(device.create_semaphore(&semaphore_info, None)?);
self.in_flight_fences
.push(device.create_fence(&fence_info, None)?);
}
self.images_in_flight = self
.swapchain_images
.iter()
.map(|_| vk::Fence::null())
.collect();
Ok(())
}
//================================================
// Shared (Other)
//================================================
unsafe fn get_memory_type_index(
&self,
instance: &Instance,
properties: vk::MemoryPropertyFlags,
requirements: vk::MemoryRequirements,
) -> Result<u32> {
let memory = instance.get_physical_device_memory_properties(self.physical_device);
(0..memory.memory_type_count)
.find(|i| {
let suitable = (requirements.memory_type_bits & (1 << i)) != 0;
let memory_type = memory.memory_types[*i as usize];
suitable && memory_type.property_flags.contains(properties)
})
.ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("Failed to find suitable memory type."))
}
}