extern crate crossbeam;
extern crate image;
extern crate num;

use image::ColorType;
use image::png::PNGEncoder;
use num::Complex;
use std::fs::File;
use std::io::Write;
use std::str::FromStr;

/// Parse the string `s` as a coordinate pair, like `"400x600"` or `"1.0,0.5"`.
///
/// Specifically, `s` should have the form <left><sep><right>, where <sep> is
/// the character given by the `separator` argument, and <left> and <right> are both
/// strings that can be parsed by `T::from_str`.
///
/// If `s` has the proper form, return `Some<(x, y)>`. If it doesn't parse
/// correctly, return `None`
fn parse_pair<T: FromStr>(s: &str, separator: char) -> Option<(T,T)> {
    match s.find(separator) {
        None => None,
        Some(index) => {
            match (T::from_str(&s[..index]), T::from_str(&s[index + 1..])) {
                (Ok(l), Ok(r)) => Some((l,r)),
                _ => None
            }
        }
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_parse_pair() {
    assert_eq!(parse_pair::<i32>("", ','), None);
    assert_eq!(parse_pair::<i32>("10,", ','), None);
    assert_eq!(parse_pair::<i32>("10,20", ','), Some((10, 20)));
    assert_eq!(parse_pair::<i32>("10,20xy", ','), None);
    assert_eq!(parse_pair::<f64>("0.5x", 'x'), None);
    assert_eq!(parse_pair::<f64>("0.5x1.5", 'x'), Some((0.5, 1.5)));
}

/// Try to determine if `c` is in the Mandelbrot set, using at most `limit`
/// iterations to decide.
///
/// If `c` is not a member, return `Some(i)` where `i` is the number of
/// iterations it took for `c` to leave the circle of radius two centered on the
/// origin. If `c` seems to be a member (more precisely, if we reached the
/// iteration limit without being able to prove that `c` is not a member),
/// return `None`
fn escape_time(c: Complex<f64>, limit: u32) -> Option<u32> {
    let mut z = Complex { re: 0.0, im: 0.0 };

    for i in 0..limit {
        z = z * z + c;
        if z.norm_sqr() > 4.0 {
            return Some(i);
        }
    }

    None
}

/// Parse a pair of floating-point numbers separated by a comma as a complex
/// number
fn parse_complex(s: &str) -> Option<Complex<f64>> {
    match parse_pair(s, ',') {
        Some((re, im)) => Some(Complex { re, im }),
        None => None,
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_parse_complex() {
    assert_eq!(parse_complex("1.25,-0.0625"), Some(Complex { re: 1.25, im: -0.0625 }));
    assert_eq!(parse_complex(",-0.0625"), None);
}

/// Given the row and column of a pixel in the output image, return the
/// corresponding point on the complex plan.
///
/// `bounds` is a pair giving the width and height of the image in pixels.
/// `pixel` is a (column, row) pair indicating a particular pixel in that image.
/// The `upper_left` and `lower_right` parameters are pionts on the complex
/// plain designating the area our image covers
fn pixel_to_point(
    bounds: (usize, usize),
    pixel: (usize, usize),
    upper_left: Complex<f64>,
    lower_right: Complex<f64>
) -> Complex<f64> {
    let (width, height) = (lower_right.re - upper_left.re, upper_left.im - lower_right.im);
    Complex {
        re: upper_left.re + pixel.0 as f64 * width / bounds.0 as f64,
        im: upper_left.im - pixel.1 as f64 * height / bounds.1 as f64,
        // Why subtraction here? pixel.1 increases as we go down,
        // but the imaginary component increases as we go up.
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_pixel_to_point() {
    assert_eq!(
        pixel_to_point(
            (100, 100),
            (25, 75),
            Complex { re: -1.0, im: 1.0 },
            Complex { re: 1.0, im: -1.0 }
        ),
        Complex { re: -0.5, im: -0.5 }
    );
}

/// Render a rectangle of the Mandlebrot set into a buffer of pixels.
///
/// The `bounds` argument gives the width and height of the buffer `pixels`,
/// which holds one grayscale pixel per byte. The `upper_left` and `lower_right`
/// arguments specify points on the complex plane corresponding to the upper-
/// left and lower-right corners of the pixel buffer
fn render(
    pixels: &mut [u8],
    bounds: (usize, usize),
    upper_left: Complex<f64>,
    lower_right: Complex<f64>
) {
    assert!(pixels.len() == bounds.0 * bounds.1);

    for row in 0..bounds.1 {
        for column in 0..bounds.0 {
            let point = pixel_to_point(
                bounds,
                (column, row),
                upper_left,
                lower_right
            );

            pixels[row * bounds.0 + column] = match escape_time(point, 255) {
                None => 0,
                Some(count) => 255 - count as u8,
            };
        }
    }
}

/// Write the buffer `pixels`, whose dimensions are given by `bounds`, to the
/// file named `filename`
fn write_image(filename: &str, pixels: &[u8], bounds: (usize, usize))
    -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
    let output = File::create(filename)?;

    let encoder = PNGEncoder::new(output);
    encoder.encode(
        &pixels,
        bounds.0 as u32,
        bounds.1 as u32,
        ColorType::Gray(8)
    )?;

    Ok(())
}

fn main() {
    let args: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();

    if args.len() != 5 {
        writeln!(
            std::io::stderr(),
            "Usage: mandlebrot FILE PIXELS UPPERLEFT LOWERRIGHT"
        ).unwrap();

        writeln!(
            std::io::stderr(),
            "Example: {} mandle.png 1000x750 -1.20,0.35 -1,0.20",
            args[0]
        ).unwrap();

        std::process::exit(1);
    }

    let bounds = parse_pair(&args[2], 'x')
        .expect("error parsing image dimensions");

    let upper_left = parse_complex(&args[3])
        .expect("error parsing upper left corner point");

    let lower_right = parse_complex(&args[4])
        .expect("error parsing lower right corner point");

    let mut pixels = vec![0; bounds.0 * bounds.1];

    // render(&mut pixels, bounds, upper_left, lower_right);

    let threads = 8;
    let rows_per_band = bounds.1 / threads + 1;

    {
        let bands: Vec<&mut [u8]> = pixels
            .chunks_mut(rows_per_band * bounds.0)
            .collect();
        crossbeam::scope(|spawner| {
            for (i, band) in bands.into_iter().enumerate() {
                let top = rows_per_band * i;
                let height = band.len() / bounds.0;
                let band_bounds = (bounds.0, height);
                let band_upper_left = pixel_to_point(bounds, (0, top), upper_left, lower_right);
                let band_lower_right = pixel_to_point(bounds, (bounds.0, top + height), upper_left, lower_right);

                spawner.spawn(move || {
                    render(band, band_bounds, band_upper_left, band_lower_right);
                });
            }
        });
    }

    write_image(&args[1], &pixels, bounds)
        .expect("error writing PNG file");
}